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Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
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Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs : ウィキペディア英語版
Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs

The Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs, or Xuanzheng Yuan (, lit. "Ministry for the Spread of Governance") was a government agency and top-level administrative department set up in Khanbaliq (modern Beijing) that supervised Buddhist monks in addition to managing the territory of Tibet during the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368) established by the Mongol leader Kublai Khan. It was originally set up in 1264 as an autonomous office named Zhongzhi Yuan () or the Bureau of General Regulation, before it was renamed in 1288,〔Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times, p194, by Morris Rossabi〕 which was named after the Xuanzheng Hall where Tibetan envoys were received in the Tang dynasty. In the Mongol Empire, Tibet was managed by the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs, separate from the other provinces of the Yuan dynasty such as those governed the former Song dynasty of China, but still under the administrative rule of the Yuan. While no modern equivalents remain, the political functions of the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs might have been analogous to the India Office in London during the British Raj. Besides holding the title of Imperial Preceptor or Dishi, Drogön Chögyal Phagpa, the fifth leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, was concurrently named the director of the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs. One of the department's purposes was to select a ''dpon-chen'' ('great administrator', a civilian administrator who governed Tibet when Sakya Lama was away), usually appointed by the lama and confirmed by the Mongol emperor in Beijing.〔China's Tibet Policy, p139, by Dawa Norbu〕 Tibetan Buddhism was not only practiced within the capital Beijing but throughout the country.〔Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia, by Charles Orzech, Henrik Sørensen, Richard Payne, p548〕 Apart from Tibetan affairs, the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs managed the entire Buddhist clergy throughout the realm (whether they were Han Chinese, Tibetan or Korean etc.), and supervised all temples, monasteries, and other Buddhist properties in the empire, at least in name.〔Imperial China 900-1800, by Frederick W. Mote, p483〕 According to scholar Evelyn Rawski, it supervised 360 Buddhist monasteries.〔The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions, by Evelyn S. Rawski, p244〕 To emphasize its importance for Hangzhou, capital of the former Southern Song dynasty and the largest city in the Yuan realm, a branch (行, ''Xing'') Xuanzheng Yuan was established in that city in 1291,〔ars orientalis, p9〕 although Tibetan Buddhism took public or official precedence over Han Chinese Buddhism.〔
The Lifan Yuan (also known as the ''Board for the Administration of Outlying Regions'' and ''Office of Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs'' etc.) established by the Manchus was roughly a Qing dynasty version of Xuanzheng Yuan, instituted by the Yuan state for administering affairs beyond the borders of China proper.〔State and Ethnicity in China's Southwest, by Xiaolin Guo, p29〕
==See also==

*Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty
*Tibet under Yuan rule
*Imperial Preceptor
*Dpon-chen
*Lifan Yuan
*Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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